Batteries & Cells

Batteries and cells are electrochemical devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. They are widely used in many applications, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems.

A cell is the basic unit of a battery, consisting of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) separated by an electrolyte. When the anode and cathode are connected by an external circuit, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, producing an electrical current. The chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte determines the voltage and capacity of the cell.

A battery is a collection of cells connected in series or parallel to produce a higher voltage or capacity. Batteries come in various sizes, shapes, and chemistries to suit different applications. Some common types of batteries and cells include:

  • Lead-acid batteries: These are the most common type of battery used in automotive and backup power applications. They are inexpensive, reliable, and have a relatively low energy density.
  • Lithium-ion batteries: These are the most popular type of battery used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. They have a high energy density, long cycle life, and are lightweight.
  • Nickel-cadmium batteries: These are used in applications where high discharge rates and long cycle life are required, such as in power tools and emergency lighting.
  • Alkaline batteries: These are commonly used in low-drain devices such as remote controls and flashlights.
  • Zinc-carbon batteries: These are similar to alkaline batteries but have a lower energy density and shorter shelf life.
  • Fuel cells: These are electrochemical devices that convert hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electrical energy in the process. They are used in niche applications such as backup power and portable electronics.

There are many other types of batteries and cells, each with its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the specific application.